Public Personnel - 1044 Words

Assignment 1: Public Personnel Today Abstract Defining the needs of public personnel today, analyzing and explaining critical trends affecting the growth of public personnel today, analyzing and evaluating strategies needed to create a diversified workforce as well as strategies the government must address to sustain union membership and representation among public employees will be outlined in the following pages. Public personnel are the employees of federal, state, local, and nonprofit organizations. Public Personnel Management involves two separate avenues. The two are public personnel and personnel administration. They both include public employees, managers, administrators, taxpayers, politicians and citizens. Introduction†¦show more content†¦Public agencies that don’t value diversity are more likely to experience conflict which includes prejudice and discrimination both of which will harm productivity and morale. Public agencies that do place value in diversity realize that it is long-term and becomes a valuable asset to the agency (Sorum, 2007, p. 1). Four (4) strategies the government must address to sustain union membership and representation among public employees Union membership and representation is often needed when employees are dissatisfied with the conditions of the workplace or negotiation of compensation to bring change through collective bargaining. However dealing with administrators is not always effective; so the need for union representation come into place. The four strategies the government must address to sustain union membership and representation among public employees is: * To introduce creativity methods for public servants and traditional union members to become more organized. * Seek ways to become more productive and cost efficient. * Implement job enrichment programs. * Implement participative management which is a type ofShow MoreRelatedPublic Personnel Administration And Collective Bargaining875 Words   |  4 PagesPublic Personnel Administration and Collective Bargaining. In chapter five, the author retrospectively revises the roots of the various reforms applied to managing human capital in the public sector. Since 1789 there have been three comprehensive periods that divide the progress of personnel practice in the United States. 1- The era of the â€Å"gentlemen† that occurred from 1789 until 1828. This era began with President Washington’s first administration and ended with the appointment of President JacksonRead MorePublic Relations Personnel : Graphic Artists And Designers1267 Words   |  6 Pages Newspapers 01-June-2017 to 31-Aug- 2017 3 months 6 times over a period of 3 months Public relations personnel, Copywriter, Graphic artists and designers †¢ Public relations personnel: These personnel using the right tools and activities, can promote positive attitudes and behaviors towards the business that will help convert interested consumers into customers. †¢ Copywriters: The copywriter writes text or script for an advertisement, based largely on information obtained fromRead MoreRole of Public Health Personnel and Nurses in Disaster Management1956 Words   |  8 Pagesdamages, an ecological disruption and deterioration of health and the health services. Disaster can be manmade or natural disasters such as floods. When disasters like flooding or tornadoes that may be accompanied by floods occur, the public health personnel and public health nurses are normally the first people who respond to the emergency, given that they are the people who understand and know the available resources used in providing first aids to the affected victims. The disaster nurses areRead MoreRole of the Major Public Health Personnel in the Franklin County Disaster1271 Words   |  5 PagesDisaster in Franklin Country Role of the Major Public Health Personnel In the Franklin Country disaster, major public health personnel, including the public health nurse clearly understood their role. Their immediate response was to focus on urgent life and safety issues. The public health department established an Incident Command System (ICS) that was designed to help organize it to respond to emergencies. The ICS provided a common language as well as the standardization necessary for communicatingRead MorePreventing Ptsd And Depression And Reducing Health Care986 Words   |  4 Pagesthat has further lead to other more serious mental and physiological medical issues. 3. MacGregor, A. J., Han, P. P., Dougherty, A. L., Galarneau, M. R. (2012). Effect of Dwell Time on the Mental Health of US Military Personnel With Multiple Combat Tours. American Journal Of Public Health, 102(S1), A55-A59. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300341. Retrieved from EBSCO; key words: improving stress in US military Description: This is an article that compares the amount of dwell time (time spent at home betweenRead MoreEssay about Advocacy for Diverse Clientele1069 Words   |  5 Pagesequipped to treat the veteran for different issues. There are several methods that can be employed when it comes to advocacy and evaluation of policies, programs, and services. In using on method structured interviews of influential people in the public and private sectors are conducted (Blair, 2007). In this method the interviews are head with policy makers which allows insight to where the policy makers are at on the issue, assessment of political outcome, and assessing how well advocacy messagesRead MoreEssay on Should High School Students Join the Military?1449 Words   |  6 Pagesof the fact they are so well trained (Kingsbury). While in basic training and training for MOSs, soldiers will be paid and receive all benefits of active duty personnel. Occupational training may help with financial needs, but the military offers many other benefits to help soldiers with their families. One benefit awarded to personnel is a housing allowance. Each month a soldier is given a housing benefit, which its amount varies depending on various elements. The first big factor is if the individualRead MoreThe Day Of The World War I1370 Words   |  6 Pageshonorary day, Armistice Day, for all military personnel who had died defending the United States of America. Armistice Day was the first national recognition and important step towards the care and honor of those who had served protecting the country. Years later in 1938, Congress passed the 11th of November as a legal holiday; in 1954, the holiday was renamed Veterans Day to include an honoring to all military personnel and committees (â€Å"Office of Public Affairs†). Veterans Day was a highly respectedRead MoreEssay On Family Disorder In Veterans1033 Words   |  5 Pagesmembers. There were several points of data used to compare deployment with marital status history. Also information taken from government systems that contain information about mental and physical health of soldiers returning from deployment, and personnel files containing deployment length and marital and family status. The results of this study revealed that the trauma endured during post-deployment does indeed effect marital relationships. It also drives the importance of seeking help early afterRead MoreHelping Veterans With Mental Disorders1899 Words   |  8 Pagesdisorders. Research suggests that mental health-related stigma significantly decreases the use of mental health services by military personnel and veterans (Dickstein, 2010). Based on the article targeting self-stigma in returning military veterans, researchers Corrigan and Watson have distinguished two forms of stigmatization, which are public stigma and self-stigma. Public stigma entails invalidating and unjustified b eliefs (i.e., prejudices and endorsed stereotypes) about others, whereas self-stigma

Human Organ Shouldn’t Ligalize Free Essays

The sale of organs means that organs are removed from inside the body for the purpose of commercial transactions. Although the sales of human organs have been done since long ago, and there are many claims and proposal to make it legal, a lot of oppositions are against this idea. * Money the purpose Considering the poor status of most donors, one of the primary stated reasons for organ selling is to pay off debt. We will write a custom essay sample on Human Organ Shouldn’t Ligalize or any similar topic only for you Order Now Those who are poorest are frequently seen as more reliable targets for transplant tourists because they are the most in need of money. It is said by the other side that legalizing the organ sale can help people who are in need to continue to survive. But at the same time, it also increases money desire for many poor people. For example, in 2007 a man in UK tried to sell his kidney online for 24,000 pounds in order to pay off his gambling. * Increase crimes and black market Legality of the organ sale would even encourage organ theft through murder and neglect sick individuals for a financial gain. There are many case like beautiful girls or handsome men trying to attract someone and flirting around with them until they agree to go with n end up waking without kidneys. Another example, Few families would turn down the opportunity to receive compensation (ensure financial stability or the dead is the main earner), so they may charge the hospital the same price, or they will turn to black market for higher price. Besides, there might be some criminal who break the promise to pay the donor higher amount for the organ than it was actually paid out or even escape without payment. * Imbalance between the rich and the poor Payment for organ is likely to take unfair advantage of the poor. Even if organ trade is legalized, it is still the third – world wealthy people who can afford the organ for transplantation. And the poor people are still vulnerable and unfortunate because they are the one who always make donation. Moreover, it is injustice to give pure organ to those rich people who usually spending lot of money on drinking, eating, party, and cause the disease by themselves. * Health: The  WHO  first declared organ trade illegal in 1987 *Affect to living donor Although some medical research proved that there are not many effects on the donors with their left organs. However, a question is asked that if it is not so important, why people are born with both organ, for example kidneys or livers. Kidneys or livers do not regenerate as the other human products like blood or sperm. WHO reports has shown that there is decrease in human well being, especially, those who make living on physical labor. 96% of donors regret selling their organs. *Affect to recipient It is risky to introduce trafficking diseased organ to recipients because those donors often comes from the poor population where they don’t live well and receive good health care. There is a possibility of 1:18 to acquire HIV from such transplant. The diseases don’t show up on the screen of the analysis probably because they just start within three weeks before the donor’s death. One more thing is the change of recipients’ body rejecting of organ result from different blood type or genetic make-up. * Ethical concern *Violate human right The state often denies individuals the right to do certain things with their bodies because they may not make good decision for themselves. Furthermore, any procedure which tends to commercialize human organs or to consider them as items of exchange or trade must be considered morally unacceptable, because to use the body as an object is to violate the dignity of the human person. World Health Organization said that the transplantation promotes health but transplantation tourism violates human right. Organs can be bought and sold arbitrarily. *Corruption There is corruption in healthcare system and government and it sometimes turn to organ trafficking. For instance, In India, a patient unaware that his kidney transplant procedure took place and was asked to pay after that. For example, in 2006 China made selling of executed prisoners’ organs and claimed that those prisoners had filed agreement and permission, but still the Chinese officials are suspected of these corrupted activities that the profit might go to them not the donors or their families. * Religion For the religious view, body and soul are one entity and very valuable that cannot be treated as property and make business. Traditionally, Muslim believes that oppose donation from human living and deceased donors because the human body is sacred thing from God so any part of the body must not be separated in life or death. Chinese customs call for people to be buried or cremated with the body complete orginally. One die-hard superstition has it that if an organ is taken from a body after death, the person in question will be reborn with a handicap in that organ in his or her next life. Nowadays, trade in human organs is illegal in all countries except Iran. Before, India and Philippine used to legalize this activity too but it turns out that they ban it later on, and it is clear enough why it couldn’t be practiced. There must be many complicated issues occurred. Solution The solutions have been put forward to both increase the amount of legally available organs and stop the flow of illegal organ trafficking around the world. One policy is â€Å"presumed consent†. (Successful in Brazil, US, several nations of Europe and increase the amount of organs available), patient can choose not to donate by submitting document. Worldwide, the trend has been move toward increased regulation of organ trading internationally. How to cite Human Organ Shouldn’t Ligalize, Essay examples

Audit Function Quality Deter Management †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Audit Function Quality Deter Management. Answer: Introduction: The auditing process and the big firms in Australia are directed by the provisions of the Corporation Acts, 2001 which is the only Act which is being discussed in the document below. The section 336 of The Corporation Act, 2001 is taken into adherence by the auditors while auditing the company. This act has mentioned all the necessary rules and regulations in the form of Auditing Standards which are needed to be kept in mind while preparing the audit file. The Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (AUASB) is the formulation body which makes the Auditing Standards which are to be taken into consideration by the auditors while preparing the report (Manoharan, 2011). ASA 300 and ISA 300 have the same subject or topic being narrated about the planning of the compiled financial audit report which is issued with the accordance to International standards of auditing AUASB. ASA 30 states that an auditor of the financial report should formulate his plan and remember his responsibility while auditing the statement. If an auditor has a well planned and responsible method to perform an audit, then he will be able to complete his work in the most effective and efficient manner. It is the decision of the auditor whether to use the advice and services of an expert or not as an advice may help the auditor to improve the quality of the work. The advice or help of an expert auditor (ASA 600) is also stated in the AUSAB to teach the other auditors that whether they need the help and assistance of an expert auditor while preparing the audit report of a particular firm. It also helps the incompetent auditors to look and learn by seeing the adequacy of the work which is initiated by the expert auditors while preparing audit report of the firm (Lapsley, 2012). An expert is an individual who is said to have sufficient essential skills and understanding after completing his necessary professional qualifications, and who also gives important advice on the matters related or not related to accounting and auditing (Matthew, 2015). If the inexperienced auditor finds that he is not able to fulfil the requirements of the work then he should positively take help and advice from a senior and much-experienced auditor for completing his work in a professional manner. The auditor decides the method or way in which the expert or experienced auditor will be carrying out or helping for the audit process (Livne, 2015). ASA 315 may be helpful for the auditors to evaluate the entity and the environment of the firm which need to be audited. It also helps the auditor to find whether he needs an expert auditor for guidance or not. ASA 315 helps the auditor to analyze the firms environment and thus helping him to identify the inappropriate statements of the firm while auditing. The case of Double ink printers limited is having the same necessity of analyzing and evaluating all the account balances, types of transactions and the conditions of the firm so that the auditor can be advised if he needs the help of an expert auditor in accordance to the ASA 315 (Merchant, 2012). According to ASA 600, an auditor faces no change in his situation of completing the audit process which keeps it unchanged and unaltered no matter if an expert auditors help is taken or not (Kaplan Kaplan, 2011). Even if the auditor of the firm DIPL takes help from an expert or not, he needs to still needed to find out the data and give an opinion on the financial performance and position of the firm. While checking the background of the company Double Ink Private Limited, it was clearly noted from the financial and non-financial data that the firm was moving rapidly towards making an efficient progress by automating the tasks and also making use of the information technology frequently so as to improve the efficiency of the firm and increase its profit. It is duly noted that it is not possible for every auditor to be familiar with the knowledge and the terms of Information Technology system used by the firm in its mechanism that is how the policy is adapted and used, an auditor for understanding the effectiveness and efficiency of the IT process used by the firm should analyze the past experiences of the firm where the methods and the tricks of using the IT technology have been duly noted with the documents containing financial statements which may help the auditor to work in the limits of the way that the expert have advised him to proceed with the accordance of ASA 600 (Hoffeld er, 2012). It was also found that the main source of revenue generation is from the E-book revenue. The information provided about the terms and agreements of the firm DIPL in the E-book should be always verified and assessed in order to ensure that there may not arise any disputes between the companies and different publishers in future. It was also noticed that the firm DIPL was charging an advance annual 12 months storage fees to its clients which makes it necessary for the auditor to check the financial statements of the storage fee billing and any related documents. If a proper judgment of data is needed then it is not possible for a non-IT professional to assess this type of advanced IT system. Therefore the auditor is required to use the help of a person who attains expertise in the IT field and thus also ensures that all the data is assessed and the IT system is analyzed carefully so that the auditor can finalize his reports in an efficient and effective way (Geoffrey et. al , 2016). It should be clearly known that the auditor has the full right to choose that he or she may choose if they need an expert on the judgement of the audit report as even after the analysis of all the documents, the auditor is left with the lone responsibility to choose whether it needs an expert opinion or not. However looking after the gritty situation of the firms IT advancements, it is advised that the auditor must opt for an expert opinion (Niemi Sundgren, 2012). Materiality in terms of financial aspects may be defined as the negligence of any information which may cause a direct material effect on the financial statements of the business. There are various standards of auditing related to the topic of materiality. A thorough analysis should be made in order to understand these standards in the different parts of the question (Gay Simnet, 2015). In auditing, it is important for an auditor to seek for the materiality of the financial statements of the firm as it is not feasible to give every single item of expense, income and asset and liability equal importance. The materiality of the financial statements id distinguished on, the basis of the balances of the accounts and the divisions of the transactions are to be evaluated on the basis of the entity and the financial statements of the business. ASA 315s principle of Identifying and assessing the risks of materials should be taken into consideration for understanding the environment and financial aspects of the firm (Fazal, 2013). Is should be followed so that there may be no state of confusion when there is a need to gain a proper idea of the account balances or the environment of the firm on the basis of the operations in near future while processing the report. ASA 320 issued by AUSAB gives the brief information about the responsibility of an auditor in accordance with th e materiality in the audit of a firm (Roach, 2010). The five factors affecting the materiality in the levels of the audit report of a DIPL firms financial statements are: Categories of transactions, declaration of items and account balances of the financial statements of the company. For the estimation of materiality, the firm DIPL needs to divide its financial statements into different categories of transaction like E-books, irregular expenses, and storage fee according to their level of importance. The level of materiality will also be changed or altered if there is any disposal of an asset or a part of it during the period of auditing. Also if any business combination takes place, it affects the materiality of the business (Fazal, 2013). The percentage of the specified benchmark of the total expenditure or total revenue like profit before tax, gross profit, and net profit will be very helpful in determining the levels of materiality for the auditing process. The auditor decides the percentage on the basis of the professional judgments made on the circumstances of the firm. Qualitative disclosures like the use of the new and advanced IT infrastructure in the business is also a huge regulating factor which influences the materiality levels of the financial statements of the firm (Elder et. al, 2010). The collective impact of small errors should also be noticed as they may not affect the financial position as the whole but may affect it when combined. Some of the general categories of transaction like the inventory in hand, revenue generated from e-books, storage fee revenue and cash balances are very essential to the business of the firm DIPL and hence they should be given utter importance as far as it is concerned with the financial statements of the firm. The materiality of the financial statements also depends on the nature of the transaction and their relation to these transactions. The introduction of the new advanced IT system by the firm during 2017 should be given utter importance as this event caused a huge change in the working of the firm. The background information about the company clears that the firm is heavily dependent on the newly introduced IT system. The company has also decided to invest in new IT system in order to fully computerize its financial activities (Cappelleto, 2010). Hence it has been mentioned in one of the five factors which are influencing the financial statements of the firm. The use of benchmarks of different levels of percentage has been a useful method for finding the materiality levels of a firms financial statement while auditing. Hence several different benchmarks like the total revenue, total expenses, net profit, gross profit and PAT can be used by the firm to determine the materiality level of the income and expenses of the firm for auditing the financial reports of the firm DIPL. Use of 1% to 5% would be helpful according to the level of activities and quality of transactions. The background information about the company clears that the firm is heavily dependent on the newly introduced IT system. The company has also decided to invest in new IT system in order to fully computerize its financial activities. This also states the reason that why the income and expenditures are wholly collected using the It systems of the company (Baldwin, 2010). It is specially provided in the 27th paragraph of ASA 320 about the collective influence of the incorrect statements and small mistakes should be considered while evaluating the materiality of the firms financial statement. The incorrect statements and financial values may not affect the firms financial condition materially but when they are accumulated as a whole it becomes a material change which should be duly noted while the auditing of the firms financial statement. To know about the factors that are traced in part (a) above will have a bearing on the preliminary figure for materiality of DIPL, it is imperative to know the profit and loss of the company. Revenue of Double Ink Printers Limited Amount in AUD Years Details 2015 2016 2017 Revenue 34,212,000.00 37,699,500.00 43,459,500.00 Less: Cost of sales 28,207,500.00 31,620,000.00 36,855,000.00 Gross Profit 6,004,500.00 6,079,500.00 6,604,500.00 Add: Indirect incomes Obsolescence of inventory Allowance reversed 155,588.00 Income from commission 108,000.00 123,000.00 130,500.00 Storage fee for e-books 667,500.00 1,027,500.00 1,417,500.00 (A): Operating income 6,780,000.00 7,230,000.00 8,308,088.00 Less: Indirect Expenses Expenses for advertisement 83,725.00 115,923.00 125,778.00 Audit fees 112,500.00 127,500.00 135,000.00 Bad debts 150,000.00 195,000.00 210,000.00 Depreciation 249,375.00 274,312.00 472,688.00 Expenses on discount allowed 195,000.00 285,000.00 335,500.00 Legal fees expenditures 74,000.00 111,500.00 137,000.00 Exchange loss (foreign) 38,500.00 49,750.00 Rates 98,500.00 106,000.00 113,500.00 Expenditures on repair and maintenance 224,000.00 276,500.00 306,500.00 Salary expenses 1,965,000.00 2,190,000.00 2,445,000.00 Costs of telecommunication 134,750.00 141,478.00 159,785.00 (B): Total Indirect expenses 3,325,350.00 3,872,963.00 4,440,751.00 Profit before interest and taxes (A-B) 3,454,650.00 3,357,037.00 3,867,337.00 Less: Interest 84,379.00 83,663.00 808,038.00 Profit before tax 3,370,271.00 3,273,374.00 3,059,299.00 Less: Income tax 1,011,081.00 982,012.00 87,116.00 Profit after tax 2,359,190.00 2,291,362.00 2,972,183.00 Going by the items projected in the income statement that is the items pertaining to the income and expenditure, all can be tagged as relevant, as well as material in nature because they are used in determining the profit and loss of the company for three regular years. Moreover, all the inclusion of the sub-items contained in the revenue and expenditure that are surpassing 5% of the overall companys revenue will be deemed to be material for the purpose of financial statements audit. However, the auditor needs to have substantive, as well as analytical procedure on every item of income and expenditure hence; nothing can stop the auditor to extend the procedure of audit on every item of financial statements if he considers it necessary to project an opinion on the financial statements. References Baldwin, S. (2010). Doing a content audit or inventory. Pearson Press. Cappelleto, G. (2010) Challenges Facing Accounting Education in Australia. AFAANZ, Melbourne Elder, J. R., Beasley S. M., and Arens A. A. (2010). Auditing and Assurance Services. Person Education, New Jersey: USA Fazal, H. (2013, May 13). What is Intimidation threat in auditing?.Retrieved from: https://pakaccountants.com/what-is-intimidation-threat-in-auditing/ Gay, G., and Simnet, R. (2015). Auditing and Assurance Services. McGraw Hill Geoffrey D. B.,Joleen K.,K. K.S., and David A. W. (2016). Attracting Applicants for In-House and Outsourced Internal Audit Positions: Views from External Auditors. Accounting Horizons, 30(1), 143-156. https://doi.org/10.2308/acch-51309 Hoffelder, K. (2012). New Audit Standard Encourages More Talking. Harvard Press. Kaplan, R.S. (2011). Accounting scholarship that advances professional knowledge and practice. The Accounting Review, 86(2), 367383. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr.00000031 Lapsley, I. (2012). Commentary: Financial Accountability Management. Qualitative Research in Accounting Management, 9(3), pp. 291-292. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0408.00081 Livne, G. (2015, May 12). Threats to Auditor Independence and Possible Remedies. Retrieved from: https://www.financepractitioner.com/auditing-best-practice/threats-to-auditor-independence-and-possible-remedies?full Manoharan, T.N. (2011). Financial Statement Fraud and Corporate Governance. The George Washington University. Matthew, S. E. (2015). Does Internal Audit Function Quality Deter Management Misconduct?. The Accounting Review, 90(2), 495-527. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr-50871 Merchant, K. A. (2012). Making Management Accounting Research More Useful. Pacific Accounting Review, 24(3), 1-34. https://doi.org/10.1108/01140581211283904 Niemi, L., and Sundgren, S. (2012). Are modified audit opinions related to the availability of credit? Evidence from Finnish SMEs. European Accounting Review, 21(4), 767-796. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638180.2012.671465 Roach, L. (2010). Auditor Liability: Liability Limitation Agreements. Pearson.

Material Life of the Chinese

Introduction Literal works often reflect various perspective of a society. A person can get an insight into a society by reading such literal pieces. Nonetheless, to understand a certain perspective of a society from literature requires a critical mind to piece together small hints to build a complete component of the society.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Material Life of the Chinese specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper evaluates the material life of Chinese from novels and stories written during the Qing, Ming, and Yuan era. Celebrations Birthday Chinese people celebrate important occasions in life of their cherished ones with niceties that comprise of fruits, sweetmeats, wine, noodles and silk clothing. It appears that Chinese people used best foods to express their appreciation of their significant others. Food for the Chinese people plays a very significant role of expressing good will. Tea particul arly is a symbol of hospitality as it is a drink that Chinese offer to their visitors in accompaniment of some delicacies (Trans, Chapter 15 298). In addition to use of food as a gesture of goodwill, silver and silk hold a significant position with regard to expression of courtesy for an act of appreciation of ones life. In respond to the birthday presents from Hsi-men Ch’ing, Li P’ing-erh sends â€Å"two maces of silver and a handkerchief of shot silk †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Trans, Chapter 15 299). Wedding Chinese people marked the celebration of important events in a life of a persons or people by feast. During Ning’s wedding to Little Beauty, a feast was held to celebrate the occasion, where his relations were invited to celebrate. The occasion highlighted the significance Chinese people attached to beauty. The attendants of the wedding expressed attraction to the beauty of Little Beauty. Her splendor won the hearts of Ning’s relatives.Advertising Lookin g for essay on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, this scenario reveals the habits of Chinese to use presents to cultivate friendship and trustworthiness through presents (Songling 178). Wine Wine in Chinese civilization denotes a sense of positive relationship between friends, as a friendly aura was often epitomized by wining and dining. The friend of Mr. Lu from a certain village on learning that he was taking a leave to go home invited him for a feast at his home as a gesture of friendship that exists between them. Although Mr. Lu declined the offer, the villager send the feast to him, which he later had with the Lau brothers he met on his course to his home village. Architecture The size and the compartments of a house portrayed the degree of affluence of a person. Li P’ing-erh’s house had a frontage that had a breath of 24 foot and three courtyards in the inside that receded along a vertical axis . The houses of rich Chinese had compartments. Li P’ing-erh’s house comprised of a two-story with windows on the top floor facing the street. A sequence of three rooms situated on either side of a second courtyard that led to a reception hall (Trans and Tod, Chapter 15 299). A passageway was a prominent feature in the homes of affluent Chinese. A third courtyard often contained a kitchen and bedrooms. An open space was included in the architecture of affluent Chinese. Gold and Precious Items Chinese used gold to win favors from strangers. In the story of Ning, after the Little beauty attempts to coax Ning to have sex her fails, she offered him a lump of gold hoping that he will agree to her pleas, which he did not (Songling 170).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Material Life of the Chinese specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Leather bag had great significance for Chinese. It was used to keep important possessions. In his encounter with Yan at the temple, Ning learns that Yan kept a magic sword in a leather bag. The sword had very great significance to Yan, which was to fight evil spirits and prevent them from harming him. Later, Yan offers Ning an old leather bag in recognition for the friendship they developed during their short stay in the temple (Songling 174). Giving a person an item that one treasures, such as a leather bag, signified great friendship between two people in the context of peasant Chinese. Paintings are one of the major Chinese articles during these eras. The popular portrays of orchids and plum-blossom. Little Beauty, later, became a skilled painter of the mentioned portrays. These portrays were used as items for presents to give to significant others. Poor Chinese treasured presents in form of beautiful portray. Transportation In Chinese civilization, a popular means of transportation was by boat, horse and sedan chairs. Sedan Chairs Sedan chairs were very useful effects of affluent Chinese. These were chairs with wheels that could be dragged by servants to allow their masters to move from one place to another without dirtying their feet and to escape the rays of the sun. Sedan chairs were pooled by servants while their owners sat in them (Trans, Chapter 14 288). Sedan chair s symbolized prestige and affluence. When rich people interacted between each other, they tend to present themselves in a way to reflect their material possession. Boats Some Chinese owned boats for ferrying people from a town or village upstream to another downstream or vice versa. Such an asset was owned by people who held a high position in the society, such as people who run a business of instructing people on karate or judo.Advertising Looking for essay on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Ning after exhuming the remains of the Little Beauty, he hires a boat to take him with the remains to his home. He pays for the transport with money. Members of families who owned boats often could go on excursion in rivers (Ching-Tzu 112). In addition, people who owned boats employed servants to attend to them on junks when journeying from one town or village to another (Ching-Tzu 111). Some of these boats were used for private purpose while some owners used them for commercial purposes to transport passengers from one village to another. Horse The Chinese domesticated horses for use to send servants on errands, and as means of transporting people from one place to another. Servants employed in affluent homes often used horses to carry out their errands and drive their masters wherever they wish to go. Garden A garden was also an important asset of Chinese. His-men Ch’ing had a big family comprised of five wives, had a garden in his resident (Trans and Tod Chapter 12 224). T he purpose of a garden in Chinese people was for recreation purpose as it gave an aesthetic touch to the setting of homes. A person will retreat to a garden to get solace from the daily worries of the world and pass time. Clothing Chinese were also in the habit of giving clothing to their close friends and relatives. His-men Ch’ing asked Tai-an, upon arrival at the Liu’s apartment, of the outfit they had prepared for Aunt Kuei-chieh (Trans and Tod 226). Flowers and classical clothing had an important implication in the setting. These items signified prestige in the society. Blossoms and brocade in Chinese send out a message of people enjoying life. Often, it characterizes an environment in which people are feasting, and having great time wining and dining. Money Chinese men with plenty of money used to obtain anything they wanted. They used it to have as many concubines as they please. Money gave them power in the society. An affluent individual with plenty of money wa s able to pay other people to work for him. His-men Ch’ing has a personal accountant, who is answerable to him regarding all the bills he and the people he hosts incurs, and those that accrues from his expenditure on regular feasting that His-men Ch’ing funds. People of class in China used money to bail out friends and relatives, who were arrested under the laws of the country. Li P’ing-erh asked His-men Ch’ing to help her use his influence to establish the amount of money she could pay as bribe for the release of her husband, Hua Tzu-hua (Trans and Tod, Chapter 14 277). Treasures The Chinese people also kept precious items in their homes. These items could be used when their money depleted, as a result of mindless spending on pleasures. A man, who had made enough fortune during his life, could pass down this precious to someone he trust among his relations. A woman, such as Li P’ing-erh, could feel insecure to keep four chests of precious items wi th her against her husband’s relations, who had issues with him (Trans and Tod, Chapter 14 †¦ 278). Chinese people kept treasures in lacquer chests which are often decorated in gold tracery. The items that were regarded to be of very high value include python robes, bracelets, pendants, precious jewels, and chatelaines. A person in possession of these items could sell them and obtain money for upkeep or pleasure, when there liquid cash finishes. Conclusion The material life of Chinese is varied as depicted by many items and habits they portray. Essentially, the material life of a Chinese revolved around other people and mainly depended on his or her socioeconomic position. Thus, the material life of a Chinese is a reflection of his background. Rich folks had a complex material life while poor folks had a meager material life. Works Cited Ching-Tzu, Wu. The Scholars. Foreign Language Press Peking , 1973. Print. Songling, Pu. The Magic Sword and the Magic Bag. Cambridge [e ng.] : Proquest LLC, 2011. Trans. Roy, David Tod. â€Å"Chapter 12 Pan Chin-Lien Suffers Ignominy for Adultery with A Servant; Stargazers Liu Purveys Black Magic in Pursuit of Gain†. In The Plum in the Golden Vase or, Chin P’ing Mei. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1993. 225-52. Print. Trans, Roy, David Tod. â€Å"Chapter 14 Hua Tzu-Hsu Succumbs To Chagrin and Loses His Life Li Ping-Erh Invites Seduction and Attends A Party.† In The Plum in the Golden Vase or, Chin P’ing Mei. Princeton, New Jersey : Princeton University Press, 1993. 274-297. Print. Trans, Roy, David Tod. â€Å"Chapter 15 Beauties Enjoy The Sights in the Lantern-Viewing Belvedere Hangers-on Abet Debauchery in the Verdant Spring Bordello.† In The Plum in the Golden Vase, or Chin P’ing Mei. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1993. 298-315. Print. This essay on Material Life of the Chinese was written and submitted by user Jazmin Lott to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.